Glossary of Cancer Terms

laparoscopic-assisted colectomy

A type of surgery for treating colon cancer when it hasn’t spread to other parts of the body, laparoscopic-assisted colectomy involves the use of a laparoscope (a device with a small video camera) to provide surgeons a view inside the body. In this minimally invasive procedure, Scripps surgeons make several small incisions, then insert long instruments to remove part of the colon and lymph nodes.

laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves small incisions through which the surgeon uses special tools aided by small video camera (laparoscope). This surgery removes all or part of the prostate.

laparoscopic surgery

A type of minimally invasive surgical treatment, laparoscopic surgery uses a device called a laparoscope, which is a slender tube with a video camera attached. The laparoscope is inserted through small incisions in the abdomen or pelvis to provide the surgeon a view inside the body. The camera transmits an image of the internal organs onto a monitor, and the surgeon uses the image as a guide to perform the procedure. For example, in treating endometrial cancer, surgeons may use this minimally invasive procedure to remove the uterus.

laryngeal cancer

Laryngeal is a head and neck cancer that starts in the throat. Specifically, it develops in the section of the throat called the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx contains the vocal cords and is used for speaking, breathing and swallowing. Learn more about laryngeal cancer.

laryngectomy

Laryngectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the voice box (larynx). This procedure may be used in cases where cancer treatment has interfered with normal swallowing.

laryngoscopy

An exam of the voice box (larynx), a laryngoscopy may be performed to determine if the vocal cords are functioning properly in some cases of thyroid cancer. It can be done using a small mirror held just below the back of the palate, or with a rigid or flexible viewing tube called a laryngoscope placed in the mouth. For a laryngoscopy used in diagnosing mouth cancer, the physician uses an endoscope to examine the back of the throat and other areas that aren’t visible with mirrors. The most common type is a direct fiber-optic laryngoscopy.

laser surgery

Used in treating cancer, laser surgery involves the use of a laser beam to destroy abnormal cells.

leukemia

Leukemia is cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as bone marrow. It leads to large numbers of abnormal blood cells forming and entering the blood. The main types of leukemia are:

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
• Hairy cell leukemia

Learn more about leukemia.

leydig cell tumor

Leydig cell tumors are stromal tumors, associated with testicular cancer, that develop in the cells that make male sex hormones. These tumors are not usually cancerous, but a small percentage can spread to other parts of the body and are difficult to treat.

limited stage

With regard to small cell lung cancer staging, limited stage is when cancer is in one lung and possibly in lymph nodes on the same side of the chest.

lip cancer

Lip cancer or oral cavity cancer is a type of mouth cancer that develops on the lips or in the mouth, including the middle and front sections of the tongue, gums, floor and roof of the mouth and lining of the cheeks. Learn more about mouth cancer.

liver cancer

Liver cancer is a digestive cancer caused by cells in the liver growing out of control. It has two main categories: primary liver cancer and secondary liver cancer. The liver is the largest internal organ in the body and performs a number of vital digestive functions, including breaking down nutrients for the body to use and eliminating alcohol, drugs and toxic substances. Learn more about liver cancer.

liver resection

Liver resection is the surgical removal of part or all of the liver. This surgery may be performed if cancer has spread to the liver.

lobectomy

Lobectomy involves the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ. For example, a lobectomy may involve the removal of the entire section (lobe) of a lung or removal of cancerous tissue in the thyroid.

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Lobular carcinoma in situ is a type of breast change in the glands that make breast milk. LCIS is not considered cancer, but it may increase the risk of later developing invasive breast cancer.

loop electro-surgical excision procedure (LEEP)

A type of cervical biopsy, loop electro-surgical excision procedure (LEEP) involves the removal of cells from the cervix via a small wire heated with low-voltage, high-frequency radio waves. 

low malignant potential (LMP) tumors

Tumors of low malignant potential (LMP), also called borderline epithelial ovarian cancer, are ovarian epithelial tumors that don’t appear to be cancerous when examined under a microscope. These tumors are more common among younger women, grow slowly and generally are less life-threatening than other ovarian cancers.

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

During a lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, bone marrow samples are obtained by bone marrow aspiration and biopsy tests usually done at the same time. The samples are usually taken from the back of the hip (pelvic) bone, but in some cases they may be taken from the breastbone (sternum) or other bones.

lumpectomy

Lumpectomy is the surgical removal of a lump, and is most commonly associated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for breast cancer patients.

lung cancer

Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs, often caused by smoking. The three types of lung cancer include non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and lung carcinoid tumors. Learn more about lung cancer.

lung carcinoid tumor

Lung carcinoid tumors, also called lung neuroendocrine tumors, make up fewer than 5% of all lung cancers. They are composed of neuroendocrine cells, which are found throughout the body and make hormones and similar substances. In the lungs, neuroendocrine cells may help the lungs adjust to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide a person breathes in. Usually, lung carcinoid tumors are slow-growing and rarely spread.

lymph node dissection

Lymph node dissection is the surgical removal of lymph nodes from the pelvic region and the area next to the heart’s aorta to see if cancer has spread. This can be performed through a minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, this is used to treat gynecologic cancers, such as cervical, endometrial, vaginal and vulvar cancer.

lymph node removal surgery

A lymph node removal surgery is a procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. 

lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in cells found in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. There are numerous types of lymphoma, ranging from more common to very rare. In many cases, lymphoma can be successfully treated. 

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Sometimes used to diagnose cancer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on a powerful magnet, radio waves and advanced digital technology to provide detailed images of organs, bone and soft tissue.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) core needle breast biopsy

A type of biopsy used in some cases to diagnose breast cancer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) core needle breast biopsy involves a radiologist using computer-guided MRI imaging to precisely obtain a sample of the breast tissue in question.

malignant epithelial ovarian tumors

Malignant epithelial tumors are cancerous tumors called carcinomas. These make up about 85% to 90% of ovarian cancers. Epithelial ovarian carcinomas have several types. The most common is called serous type. Other types are mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell. Tumors that don’t fit into any of these four types are called undifferentiated tumors, which tend to grow and spread more quickly.

mammogram

Screening mammograms are the most common type of breast imaging for the early detection of breast cancer. These preventive tests check for changes in the breast tissue of women who do not have any abnormal signs or symptoms. A screening mammogram typically consists of two images of each breast. Mammography compresses the breast between two plates and then takes X-ray images. 

mandibulectomy

Sometimes used in treating mouth cancer, mandibulectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the jawbone (mandible). It may be performed when a tumor has grown into the bone.

mastectomy

Most often performed to treat breast cancer, a mastectomy is surgery to remove the entire breast, including all breast tissue and sometimes surrounding tissues. The two types of mastectomies are simple mastectomy (also known as total mastectomy) and modified radical mastectomy. 

maxillectomy

Sometimes used in treating mouth cancer, maxillectomy treats cancer in the hard palate (roof of the mouth) by removing part or all of the palate.

medical oncologist

A medical oncologist often is the main health care provide for someone who has cancer. They coordinate treatment given by other specialists. 

medical physicist

Medical physicists are experts in the medical application of physics. They have advanced education, training and certification, and collaborate with radiation oncologists, radiation therapists, dosimetrists and other professionals in radiation treatment strategy and planning. Learn more about radiation therapy and our cancer care team.

medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) starts in the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland and makes up about 4% of thyroid cancers. This cancer type can be more difficult to find and treat, and may spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body before it is found in the thyroid. MTC cancer types include sporadic MTC and familial MTC.

melanoma

Melanoma occurs when cells that produce skin pigment become cancerous. It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye or intestines. 

metastasectomy

Metastasectomy is a surgery to remove any cancer that has spread to other organs of the body. For example, in treating parathyroid tumors, a metastasectomy may be performed to remove cancer that has spread to the lungs.

metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary

“Occult primary” means “of unknown origin.” Metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary is a head and neck cancer that involves the spread of squamous cell cancer that originates in an unknown part of the body to lymph nodes in the neck or collarbone area. 

minimally invasive robot-assisted surgery

Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with conventional techniques. Robotic surgery is usually associated with minimally invasive surgery — procedures performed through tiny incisions. It is also sometimes used in certain traditional open surgical procedures. The most widely used clinical robotic surgical system includes a camera arm and mechanical arms with surgical instruments attached to them. The surgeon controls the arms while seated at a computer console near the operating table. The console gives the surgeon a high-definition, magnified, 3-D view of the surgical site.

mixed carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma

In some cases, cancers have both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Specifically, this can occur with cervical cancer. Other types of cancer found in the cervix are rare, such as neuroendocrine, melanoma, sarcoma and lymphoma.

mixed germ cell tumor

Associated with testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumors contain both seminoma and non-seminoma cells. They usually are treated as non-seminomas.

modified radical mastectomy

Most often associated with breast cancer treatment, a modified radical mastectomy is the combination of a simple mastectomy (also known as a total mastectomy) and the removal of most of the lymph nodes under the arms.

Mohs micrographic surgery

Mohs micrographic surgery is considered the most effective technique for treating many basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), the two most common types of skin cancer. In Mohs surgery, the physician removes thin layers of skin until only cancer-free tissue remains. The procedure is designed to conserve healthy tissue and minimize scarring — especially for tumors on the face or near the nose, eyes, ears, forehead or scalp. 

mouth cancer

Mouth cancer is a head and neck cancer that starts in the mouth or throat. It spans several different cancers depending on the area affected, including oral cavity and lip cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and salivary gland cancer. Learn more about mouth cancer.

multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells normally make a protein that helps us fight infection. In myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply and prevent the normal cells in the bone marrow from functioning appropriately. A number of treatments are available these days to help control the disease. Not all patients with a plasma cell disorder require treatment. 

nasopharyngeal cancer

Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare head and neck cancer that develops in the upper throat behind the nose (nasopharynx). There are several types of nasopharyngeal cancer, and treatment plans depend on the type and stage of the cancer. Because of the tumor’s location, surgery is difficult. In most cases, treatment involves a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Learn more about nasopharyngeal cancer.

near-total thyroidectomy

A near-total thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure involving removal of most of the thyroid gland.

neck dissection

Neck dissection removes lymph nodes and nearby tissue in the neck. There are several types of neck dissection:

• Partial neck dissection removes a few lymph nodes.
• Modified neck dissection removes most lymph nodes and some muscle tissue on one side of the neck.
• Radical neck dissection removes nearly all lymph nodes, a greater portion of muscle tissue, nerves and veins.

nephrectomy

Nephrectomy is surgical removal of the kidney. Types of nephrectomy include partial, simple and radical nephrectomy.

neuroendocrine and endocrine cancer

Neuroendocrine cancer is cancer that begins in the cells that produce hormones, and can occur in many places throughout the body. The endocrine system is made up of a network of glands that produce hormones. These include the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, pancreas and adrenal glands. Endocrine cancer begins in one of these glands. These cancers are not common, and include adrenal cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), parathyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, pituitary cancer and thyroid cancer. Learn more endocrine and neuroendocrine cancer.

non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer

Non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer remains in the area of the breast where it started and does not spread. This differs from invasive breast cancer, which breaks through normal breast tissue barriers and travels to other parts of the body through the lymph nodes or blood.

non-melanoma skin cancer

The most common type of skin cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer can be broken down further into two main types: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

non-seminoma

Non-seminomas are germ cell tumors associated with testicular cancer that spread faster than seminomas. There are four subtypes of non-seminomas: embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma and teratoma.

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

About 85% of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer, making it the most common type of lung cancer. There are several subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer that start from different types of lung cells, but their prognosis and treatment are similar. The most common subtypes are adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and large cell carcinomas.

nurse navigator

Scripps oncology nurse navigators are registered nurses who are experts in managing issues related to cancer care and play a vital role in guiding patients and their families through cancer treatment. In addition to helping ensure patients receive care as quickly and efficiently as possible, our nurse navigators can explain treatment, answer questions, help with education and resources and provide compassionate support during challenging times. Learn more about our oncology nurse navigators.

oat-cell cancer

Also known as small cell carcinoma, “oat-cell” cancer is called such because the cells look like oats under the microscope. Often associated with lung cancer, it often starts in the airways of the lungs and quickly spreads.

occult stage

In regard to lung cancer, the occult stage is when lung cancer cells are found in spit or in a sample of mucus (phlegm), but a tumor cannot be seen in the lung by imaging or bronchoscopy, or a tumor is present but is too small to be biopsied.

oncologist

An oncologist is a physician with specialized training in cancer treatment and diagnosis. The three main types include medical oncologists, radiation oncologists and surgical oncologists. Additional types include gynecologic, hematologic and urologic oncologists. Learn more about the cancer care team at Scripps.

oncology nurses

Oncology nurses are registered nurses who have special training in cancer care. Scripps oncology nurses have focused their nursing education on the most current treatment and care practices, and they approach care with the highest levels of expertise, compassion and sensitivity. Learn more about oncology nurse navigators and the cancer care team at Scripps.

oncology social worker

Scripps oncology social workers help coordinate and provide non-medical care to cancer patients. These specially trained professionals can help patients identify appropriate community and medical resources, provide counseling, assist with transportation and housing, arrange care after they leave the hospital and more. Learn more about the cancer care team at Scripps.

oophorectomy

A type of ovarian cancer surgery, oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and both ovaries, often using minimally invasive techniques.

open colectomy

A type of surgery for treating colon cancer when it hasn’t spread to other parts of the body, open colectomy involves a single incision in the abdomen through which part of the colon and lymph nodes near the cancer are removed. The surgery is sometimes referred to as partial colectomy, segmental resection or hemicolectomy.

oral cavity cancer

Oral cavity or lip cancer is a type of mouth cancer that develops on the lips or in the mouth, including the middle and front sections of the tongue, gums, floor and roof of the mouth, and lining of the cheeks. Learn more about mouth cancer.

oropharyngeal cancer

Oropharyngeal cancer is a type of mouth cancer that starts in the middle section of the throat (pharynx) behind the mouth, including the back part of the tongue, soft palate, walls of the throat and tonsils. Learn more about mouth cancer.

osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common form of bone cancer. Treatment usually involves complex surgery to remove the tumor and, if necessary, tissue around the tumor. A bone graft may be needed. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used as well. Learn more about osteosarcoma in our section on sarcoma and bone cancer.

ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic cancer that begins in the ovaries. The three types of tumors associated with ovarian cancer include epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors and stromal tumors. While most of these tumors will not turn into cancer, those that do can spread beyond the ovary and can be life-threatening. Learn more about ovarian cancer.

ovarian cysts

Ovarian cysts may form when fluid collects inside an ovary. These often occur normally during ovulation, go away on their own and are usually harmless. In some cases, they may become cancerous. If an ovarian cyst becomes larger or does not go away, or affects a woman who is not ovulating (for example after menopause), the physician may recommend diagnostic testing, such as imaging tests or a biopsy.

ovarian germ cell tumors

A type of ovarian cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors begin in egg-producing cells. Germ cell tumors are rare and represent less than 2% of ovarian tumors. These tumors have several types. The most common include teratomas, dysgerminomas, endodermal, sinus tumors and choriocarcinomas.

ovarian stromal tumors

A type of ovarian cancer, stromal tumors begin in the tissue that holds the ovary together. Because these cells also make the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, vaginal bleeding is a common symptom. Ovarian stromal tumors represent about 1% of ovarian cancers, and are often detected early. 

Paget disease of the breast

Paget’s is a type of breast cancer that affects the nipple area, leading to symptoms such as skin changes, pain or burning, an inverted nipple or a discharge. It’s also known as Paget disease of the nipple and mammary Paget disease.

Paget disease of the vulva

Paget disease of the vulva, a type of adenocarcinoma, affects only the top layer of the skin. Up to a quarter of women with Paget disease also have a vulvar adenocarcinoma in a Bartholin gland or sweat gland. 

palliative surgery

Surgeons perform palliative surgery to help relieve or prevent symptoms when a particular type of cancer, such as pancreatic cancer or late-stage gastric cancer, has spread too widely to be completely removed.

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

The most common of the two types of exocrine cancers, pancreatic adenocarcinoma most often start in the ducts of the pancreas. If the cancer cells start in the cells that form the pancreatic enzymes, they are known as acinar cell carcinomas.

pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a digestive cancer that starts when cells in the pancreas grow out of control, most of which are exocrine cancers such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma and ampullary adenocarcinoma. The pancreas is located behind the abdomen, and produces enzymes and hormones that help digestion and maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Learn more about pancreatic cancer.

pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (also called islet cell tumors, islet of Langerhans tumors or pancreatic NETs) are uncommon tumors that form in islet cells of the pancreas and can be benign or malignant. Pancreatic NETs are endocrine tumors. They are less common than exocrine tumors, making up less than 5% of pancreatic cancers. Not all are cancerous, but surgery may be required to make that determination. Learn more on the various types of functioning and non-functioning NETs. 

pancreaticoduodenectomy

A surgery also known as a Whipple procedure, pancreaticoduodenectomy involves the surgical removal of the head of the pancreas and, in some cases, the body of the pancreas and part of the small intestine, bile duct, gallbladder and lymph nodes. This is usually an open surgery, but Scripps surgeons may perform some procedures using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques.

panendoscopy

Panendoscopy involves the use of different types of endoscopes passed through the mouth or nose so a physician can thoroughly examine the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), esophagus and airways. This procedure, also known as an upper GI endoscopy, is usually done under general anesthesia.

Pap test

A preventive screening for gynecologic cancer such as vaginal and cervical cancer, the Pap test (also known as a Pap smear) can find abnormal cervical cells. It’s a fast, painless test that involves scraping cells from the opening of the cervix. Cells are then examined under a microscope. Not only can the test identify cervical cancer at an early stage, it can detect changes in cells even before they become cancerous. 

papillary

Papillary cancer cells are arranged in finger-like projections (papules). For example, papillary carcinoma is a form of breast cancer with cancer cells that resemble ferns rather than a lump when viewed under a microscope. 

parathyroid cancer

Parathyroid cancer (parathyroid tumor) is a rare form of cancer in which malignant cells form in the tissues of a parathyroid gland. Parathyroid cancer is a type of endocrine cancer, which means it affects the cells that produce hormones. Learn more about parathyroid cancer.

parietal cell vagotomy

Parietal cell vagotomy is a surgical procedure that cuts the vagus nerve to reduce the secretion of acid to the stomach, which can be a contributing factor in pancreatic NETs.

partial mastectomy

Also known as breast-conserving surgery (BCS), partial mastectomy involves the partial removal of the breast, depending on the size and location of the tumor. Partial mastectomies are typically followed by radiation treatments, and most often they are described either as a lumpectomy (the removal of a lump) or segmental mastectomy (the removal of the cancer and some adjacent tissue).

partial nephrectomy

A partial nephrectomy removes the tumor in the kidney and some of the surrounding healthy tissue.

partial or total pharyngectomy

Partial or total pharyngectomy involves the surgical removal of all or part of the lower throat (pharynx), and possibly the larynx. This surgery may require a reconstructive procedure to help patients swallow.

pathologic stage

In regard to a cancer stage (the amount or spread of cancer), the pathologic stage is based on the same factors as the clinical stage, plus what is found if the patient has surgery. The pathological stage is more accurate, but not all patients have surgery.

pathologist

Pathologists are physicians with specialized training in diagnosing cancer by analyzing tissue, cell and blood samples under a microscope. Pathologists play a vital role in determining the type and stage of many cancers. Learn more about the cancer care team at Scripps.

pelvic exam

Used to help diagnose gynecologic cancers, a pelvic exam is a physical exam that requires a doctor to insert a gloved finger into the vagina while pressing on the lower abdomen with the other hand to feel for masses that may be a sign of cancer.

pelvic exenteration

Pelvic exenteration involves removal of the uterus, cervix, bladder, vagina, rectum and possibly part of the colon, based on how far the cancer has spread. This is typically used for recurrent cervical cancer and advanced cases of vaginal and vulvar cancer, as it is the most extensive surgical approach.

penectomy

A penectomy is a surgical procedure that can be used in treating cancer where, depending on how far the cancer has spread, may involve the removal of part or all (radical penectomy) of the penis.

penile cancer

Penile cancer is a genitourinary cancer also known as cancer of the penis. This rare male genital cancer usually begins in the skin cells of the penis, and often can be treated successfully if found early. Learn more about penile cancer.

perihilar bile duct cancer

Perihilar (also called hilar) bile duct cancers start where the bile ducts exit the liver, and are considered “extrahepatic” (outside the liver) cancers. They also are known as Klatskin tumors.

pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma is an extremely rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that forms in the adrenal medulla, which is the center of the adrenal gland. Located above each kidney, adrenal glands produce steroid hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline to control heart rate, blood pressure and other body functions. Learn more about pheochromocytoma.

photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Used in treating cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves a specialized light source in combination with a drug. The drug is activated by the light source and kills the cancer cells. In some cases of skin cancer, this is applied over several hours or days. It’s most often used for precancerous growths, such as artinic keratosis, but can also be used when skin cancer surgery has been unsuccessful.

pituitary tumor

Pituitary tumors fall under the category of endocrine and neuroendocrine cancer. They are abnormal cell growths in the tissues of the pituitary gland, a small gland found inside the skull right below the brain and above the nasal passages. Learn more about pituitary tumors.

pneumonectomy

Pneumonectomy is the surgical removal of the entire lung.

polypectomy and local excision

A common type of surgery for treating colorectal cancer (colon cancer and rectal cancer) that has not spread to other parts of the body, polypectomy and local excision involves the removal of early-stage colon cancer during removal of polyps while using a colonoscope inserted through the anus. It does not require an abdominal incision and includes removal of a small amount of surrounding tissue near the diseased area.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses a glucose that contains a radioactive substance (called a “tracer”) to look for cancer. A PET scan is combined with a CT scan.

proctectomy

A common surgery for treating rectal cancer, proctectomy is the surgical removal of the rectum. For patients with early-stage rectal cancer who can avoid a formal proctectomy, Scripps also offers a transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS).

proctoscopy

Used to diagnose cancers such as anal cancer, endometrial cancer and cervical cancer, proctoscopy (also called cystoscopy) is the insertion of slender tubes with lights and/or lenses that allow doctors to see if cancer has spread to nearby organs.

prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men. Specifically, it’s a genitourinary cancer that begins in the cells of the prostate gland, which is a walnut-shaped gland located below a man’s bladder. There is only one main type of prostate cancer, adenocarcinoma. Other types, such as sarcomas and small cell and transitional cell carcinomas, are very rare. Learn more about prostate cancer.

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a simple blood test that measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a man’s blood. High levels of PSA may be a sign of prostate cancer, but they also may be caused by infections or other non-cancerous conditions.

prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)

By age 50, about half of all men develop small changes in the size and shape of the cells in the prostate. This is known as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Some research suggests that PIN may be a precancerous condition that will eventually develop into cancer, but this is controversial. Learn more in our prostate cancer section.

punch biopsy

A punch biopsy uses a tool to remove a deeper, punch-size sample of skin tissue from a suspicious area to be examined under a microscope. 

salivary gland cancer

Salivary gland cancer is a type of mouth cancer that develops in the salivary glands. Learn more about mouth cancer.

sarcoma

Sarcomas are a rare cancer that affect the bones or soft tissues of the body, specifically beginning in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue. Osteosarcomas affect bone. Soft tissue sarcomas start in soft tissues, such as fat, muscle, nerves, fibrous tissues or blood vessels. There are dozens of types of soft tissue sarcomas, and they usually develop in the arms or legs. Learn more about sarcoma and bone cancer.

screening

Cancer screening tests look for signs of cancer in a person who has no cancer symptoms. Screening exams are done to find cancer in its earliest stages, before it causes symptoms. Screening tests also may look for precancerous conditions, such as abnormal changes in cells, which may turn into cancer if not treated. There are different types of screening tests, including:

• Physical examinations (such as a skin cancer exam)
• Imaging tests (such as a mammography to screen for breast cancer)
• Laboratory tests (such as a Pap test to screen for cervical cancer)

segmental mastectomy

Segmental mastectomy is the surgical removal of the cancer and some adjacent tissue, and is most commonly associated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for breast cancer patients.

segmentectomy

Segmentectomy is the surgical removal of an organ or gland. It also can be used to remove a tumor and normal tissue around it. For lung cancer, segmentectomy refers to removal of part of a lung lobe. A “wedge resection” removes a wedge-shaped piece of the lung.

seminoma

Seminomas are the most common germ cell tumor type. They usually grow slowly, and may increase blood levels of a protein called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which can be detected by a blood test. There are two subtypes of seminomas: classical seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma.

sertoli cell tumor

Sertoli cell tumors are stromal tumors, associated with testicular cancer, that develop in the cells that nourish germ cells. These are not usually cancerous, but a small percentage spread to other parts of the body and are difficult to treat.

shave biopsy

Also known as a tangential biopsy, shave biopsy involves shaving off the top layers of the skin with a small surgical blade.

simple mastectomy

Most often associated with treating breast cancer, a simple mastectomy is the surgical removal of the breast only. No lymph nodes under the arm are involved. This surgery is also known as a total mastectomy.

simple nephrectomy

A simple nephrectomy involves the surgical removal of one kidney.

skin biopsy

A skin biopsy involves the removal of a small tissue sample from the skin to be examined under a microscope. This is the only way to confirm skin cancer. 

skin cancer

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, and is the most common type of cancer among both men and women. There are several types of skin cancer, either categorized as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. Learn more about skin cancer.

sleeve resection

Sleeve resection is the surgical removal of a lung tumor in a lobe of the lung and a part of the bronchus (airway). The ends of the bronchus are rejoined and any remaining lobes are reattached to the bronchus. This surgery is performed to save part of the lung. 

small bowel resection

For bigger tumors in the small intestine, a surgical procedure called a small bowel resection may be performed to remove the tumor and surrounding area, and may also remove nearby lymph nodes.

small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer makes up 10% to 15% of lung cancers and is most commonly associated with cigarette smoking. There are two subtypes of small cell lung cancer: small cell carcinomas and combined small cell carcinomas.

soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare type of cancer that develop in soft tissues, such as fat, muscle, nerves, fibrous tissues or blood vessels. Most tumors affect the arms or legs, but they also can form in the torso, head and neck, internal organs and back of the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneum). Learn more about soft tissue sarcomas.

spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

During a spinal tap, also called a lumbar puncture, bone marrow samples are obtained by bone marrow aspiration and biopsy tests usually done at the same time. The samples are usually taken from the back of the hip (pelvic) bone, but in some cases they may be taken from the breastbone (sternum) or other bones.

squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer that starts in the thin, flat non-glandular cells called squamous cells. About 75% of vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which develop in the cells in the vagina lining. Typically developing slowly over several years, these cancers often begin as a precancerous condition called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN).

squamous cell vulvar carcinoma

One of the most common types of vulvar cancer, squamous cell carcinoma develops in the cells that line the cervix. Subtypes include keratinizing type, which is the most common but not linked to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), basaloid and warty types, which most often affect younger women with HPV infections, and verrucous carcinoma, which is an uncommon subtype that looks like a large wart.

stem cell transplant

A stem cell transplant is a procedure to replace diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow. Before a stem cell transplant, a patient receives high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy diseased bone marrow. Then the patient receives an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help rebuild bone marrow.

stereotactic body radiation therapy/stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SBRT/SABR)

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), also known as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), treats tumors with multiple high-dose radiation treatments (typically two to five). Scripps uses leading-edge technology to deliver SBRT. Learn more about this type of external-beam radiation therapy.

stereotactic core needle breast biopsy

A type of biopsy used in some cases to diagnose breast cancer, stereotactic core needle breast biopsy involves a radiologist using computer-guided mammography imaging to precisely obtain a sample of the breast tissue in question.

stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

Used in treating cancer, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) delivers a single high dose of radiation to an extremely precise location to minimize exposure to healthy tissues around the cancer. Learn more about this type of external-beam radiation therapy.

stomach cancer

Stomach cancer is most often caused by cells that grow out of control in the stomach. Also known as gastric cancer, stomach cancer occurs in the abdominal area. Learn more about stomach cancer.

subtotal (partial) gastrectomy

A subtotal or partial gastrectomy is performed to remove part of the esophagus and/or small intestine, fatty lining in the lower abdomen, nearby lymph nodes and parts of other nearby organs. For example, for bigger tumors in the abdomen, part of the stomach may be removed. Then, the remaining stomach and esophagus are reconnected.

supraglottic laryngectomy

Supraglottic laryngectomy is a type of surgery that removes only the supraglottis, which is the upper part of the larynx above the vocal cords, and preserves normal speaking.

surgical oncologist

Surgical oncologists are physicians with specialized training in cancer treatment who perform surgery to remove tumors. Many Scripps surgeons are experts in minimally invasive surgical techniques, including laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery, which minimize the size and number of incisions. This can result in less pain, reduced scarring and a faster recovery time. Learn more about the cancer care team at Scripps.

systemic radiation therapy

Systemic radiation therapy uses radioactive substances that travel throughout the body via the blood to attack cancer cells. These are given as pills or injected into a vein. Learn more about this type of radiation therapy.

systemic therapy

Systemic therapy spreads drugs throughout the body to treat cancer cells anywhere in the system. It may be used to treat cancer or to provide palliative care and reduce symptoms and pain.

targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs to identify and attack specific markers on cancer cells. Some types of targeted therapy kill cancer cells directly by affecting how the cells grow and survive. Other targeted therapies help the body’s own immune system attack and fight the cancer. In some cases, Scripps medical oncologists may use targeted therapy drugs in combination with chemotherapy.

teratoma

Teratoma is a type of non-seminoma germ cell tumor associated with testicular cancer in men and varies in women. This tumor may also occur in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord), chest or abdomen. Teratomas are usually seen as parts of mixed germ cell tumors. Teratomas alone are rare and do not raise blood protein levels.

testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is a type of male genitourinary cancer that starts in the testicles, which make and store sperm and produce most of the male hormones. Several types of cells make up the testicles. Each cell type can develop into one or more types of testicular cancer. Some of these types raise the blood levels of certain proteins, which can be detected by a simple blood test. The most common types of testicular cancers include the germ cell tumors and stromal tumors. Learn more about testicular cancer.

testicular germ cell tumor

One of the most common types of testicular cancers, germ cell tumors start in the cells that produce sperm. The types of germ cell tumors include seminomas, non-seminomas and carcinomas in situ.

thoracotomy

Also referred to as open chest surgery, thoracotomy is performed through an incision between the ribs in the side of the chest and typically requires a short hospital stay 

thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a type of endocrine cancer — which affect the cells that produce hormones — that begins in the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just below the Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland produces hormones that help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and metabolism. Learn more about thyroid cancer.

thyroid hormone therapy

Thyroid hormone therapy involves the use of drugs that affect thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It may be part of a treatment plan to regulate thyroid hormone levels and prevent cancer from growing or returning.

thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. This may be used in cases where cancer has spread to the thyroid. Following this surgery, the patient may need hormone replacement therapy. 

topical chemotherapy

Topical chemotherapy applies a chemotherapy drug directly to the cancer via a cream or ointment. Topical chemotherapy is usually used for very early skin cancers or precancerous artinic keratoses. Learn more about topical chemotherapy.

topical therapy

Topical therapy is a method for treating cancer by applying medicine to the affected area. For example, in some cases of vaginal cancer, physicians may be able to use topical therapy to treat early precancerous vaginal cell changes.

total body irradiation (TBI)

Total body irradiation (TBI) treats the whole body at once. It’s an essential part of bone marrow or stem cell transplant treatment for cancers of the blood (leukemia) and some types of lymphoma. Learn more about this type of external-beam radiation therapy.

total gastrectomy

For treating more advanced cancers, surgeons perform a total gastrectomy to remove the entire stomach, nearby lymph nodes and fatty lining in the lower abdomen. If necessary, surgery may remove parts of nearby organs or tissues. The esophagus is reattached to the small intestine.

total mastectomy

Most often associated with treating breast cancer, a total mastectomy is the surgical removal of the breast only. No lymph nodes under the arm are involved. This surgery is also known as a simple mastectomy.

total laryngectomy

Total laryngectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of all of the voice box (larynx). This surgery includes a tracheostomy (also known as tracheotomy), which places a permanent incision through the front of the neck to the windpipe (trachea) to help a patient breathe.

total pancreatectomy

Used in treating pancreatic cancer, total pancreatectomy is a surgery that completely removes the pancreas, part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, the common bile duct, gallbladder, nearby lymph nodes and spleen.

total thyroidectomy

A total thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure involving removal of the entire thyroid gland. Patients who have total thyroidectomy surgery need to take thyroid hormone replacement medication for the rest of their lives. 

trachelectomy

A surgery for treating gynecologic cancers such as vaginal cancer and cervical cancer (that has spread beyond the cervix), trachelectomy involves the removal of the cervix, upper part of the vagina and nearby lymph nodes. The uterus is not removed, which allows a woman to become pregnant.

tracheostomy or tracheotomy

Tracheostomy (also known as tracheotomy) places a permanent incision through the front of the neck to the windpipe (trachea) to help a patient breathe if cancer treatment has interfered with normal breathing.

transanal excision

A common surgery for treating rectal cancer, transanal excision is the surgical removal of a tumor through the anus.

transcatheter chemoembolization (TACE)

Transcatheter chemoembolization is a procedure performed by Scripps interventional radiologists where they implant tiny beads containing chemotherapy directly into tumors, and then use high-energy rays to attack cancer cells. Transcatheter chemoembolization may be used to treat liver cancer. Learn more about TACE and chemotherapy.

transitional cell carcinoma

Also known as urothelial cancer, transitional cell prostate cancer is a rare cancer that usually starts in the cells lining the urethra, bladder, ureters, renal pelvis and some other organs, but may start in the prostate. Learn more about bladder cancer and prostate cancer.

transsphenoidal surgery

A type of pituitary tumor surgery, transsphenoidal surgery is the most common surgery for treating pituitary adenomas. The surgeon removes the tumor through an incision in the upper lip or lower portion of nose between the nostrils.

transurethral resection (TUR)

Transurethral resection removes tumors from the surface of the bladder wall using a resectoscope, which is a thin instrument with a wire loop on the end. TUR is the most common treatment for early-stage bladder cancer. It involves the insertion of a resectoscope into the bladder through the urethra. After the tumor is removed, remaining cancer cells may be destroyed with high-energy electricity or a laser.

transvaginal ultrasound

Used in diagnosing gynecologic cancer, transvaginal ultrasound involves a wand-shaped probe inserted into the vagina. To help diagnose endometrial cancer, the probe is used to bounce sound waves off the wall of the uterus, creating images that may show abnormal changes in the lining. To help diagnose ovarian cancer, transvaginal ultrasound is used to show abnormal changes on the ovaries.

transurethral resection

Transurethral resection is a surgical procedure to remove cancer using a small tool inserted into the urethra.

TrueBeam

TrueBeam can treat tumors with volumetric arc therapy (VMAT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Learn more about this type of external-beam radiation therapy.

tumor debulking

Tumor debulking is the surgical removal of as much of a cancerous tumor as possible. Tumor debulking may increase the chance that chemotherapy or radiation therapy will kill all the tumor cells.

ultrasound

An ultrasound (or sonogram) is an imaging test for detecting potential tumors using sound waves to show any growths on internal organs such as the liver.

ultrasound-guided breast biopsy

A type of biopsy used, in some cases, to diagnose breast cancer, ultrasound-guided breast biopsy involves a radiologist using ultrasound as a guide to accurately obtain a sample of breast tissue.

unresectable cancer

Unresectable cancer is a designation given in cases where surgery cannot be performed to completely remove the tumor either because it has spread too far or due to the location of the tumor or the patient’s health.

upper endoscopy

Used to diagnose certain cancers such as stomach cancer, upper endoscopy is a procedure in which a physician uses an endoscope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first section of the small intestine. The procedure is also known as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). 

upper gastrointestinal (GI) series

Helpful in cancer diagnosis, upper gastrointestinal (GI) series is an X-ray imaging test to allow physicians to look at the inner lining of the esophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine. Learn more about stomach cancer.

urethral cancer

Urethral cancer is a rare form of genitourinary cancer that starts in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder. Like bladder cancer, symptoms of this genitourinary cancer include blood in the urine and frequent urination, which also are common symptoms of non-cancerous conditions, such as a urinary tract infection. Learn more about urethral cancer.

urinalysis

A urinalysis is a urine test that can detect blood and other substances in the urine. 

urinary diversion

Urinary diversion is a procedure where surgeons create a new route for urine to be passed from the body in cases when the urethra and/or bladder have been surgically removed.

urine cytology

This test examines a urine sample for signs of abnormal cells that may indicate cancer. Cytology alone cannot confirm a cancer diagnosis.

urine cystoscopy

A urine cystoscopy is the test most often used to check for bladder cancer. The physician inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end (cystoscope) into the bladder through the urethra to examine the walls of the bladder for abnormal growths. Cystoscopy also may be used to remove a tissue sample from the bladder for a biopsy, and to remove early-stage tumors on the surface of the bladder wall.

urologic oncologist

Urologic oncologists are physicians who specialize in treating cancers that affect the urinary system and male reproductive organs, such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer and prostate cancer. Learn more about the cancer care team at Scripps.

urothelial cancer

Also known as transitional cell carcinoma, urothelial cancer is a rare cancer that usually starts in the cells lining the urethra, but may start in the prostate. Learn more about prostate cancer.

uterine sarcoma

Uterine sarcoma, also known as endometrial sarcoma, is a rare form of gynecologic cancer that begins either in the muscle layer or supportive connective tissue of the uterus (unlike endometrial carcinomas which begin in the cells of the endometrium). It’s one of the two main types of endometrial cancer. Learn more about uterine sarcoma.

vaginal adenosis

In nearly all women who were exposed to DES while their mothers were pregnant, the squamous cells that normally line the vagina are lined with glandular cells instead. These gland cell areas are called adenosis, and having them increases the risk of developing clear cell carcinoma. 

vaginal biopsy

Vaginal biopsy is the surgical removal of a small tissue sample from the vagina to be examined under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way to confirm vaginal cancer. 

vaginal cancer

Vaginal cancer is a rare type of gynecologic cancer that begins in the cells of the vagina. It tends to develop slowly over several years, and may start as precancerous changes that can be treated before they become cancer. Screening exams, such as a Pap test or HPV test, may detect vaginal cancer early. Learn more about vaginal cancer.

vaginectomy

A vaginectomy is a type of surgery for removing the vagina. A plastic surgeon may perform reconstructive surgery to form a new vagina from other tissue following the procedure. Vaginectomy can be used to treat vaginal cancer.

venous blood sample

A venous blood sample can be used in diagnosing pituitary tumors. Venous blood sample is a diagnostic procedure that involves insertion of a catheter into a specific vein under imaging guidance to remove blood samples for laboratory analysis. Specifically, a blood sample from a vein close to the pituitary gland is checked for high levels of certain substances released by nearby organs and tissues that could signal the presence of cancer.

video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy

Also known as thoracoscopy, video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy for lung cancer requires only small incisions and allows physicians to see inside the chest cavity and remove growths close to the outer areas of the lung for testing to determine if they are cancerous.

video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a minimally invasive lung surgery performed through small incisions by surgeons aided by use of a small video camera inserted in the patient’s chest cavity.

vocal cord stripping

Vocal cord stripping is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of superficial layers of tissue from the vocal cords.

volumetric arc therapy (VMAT)

VMAT is an advanced form of IMRT that delivers radiation through a rotating device. Unlike IMRT, VMAT delivers the entire dose continuously, without stopping to adjust the angle. Learn more about this type of external-beam radiation therapy.

vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer is a rare form of gynecologic cancer that affects the vulva, which is the outer part of a woman’s genitals. The vulva includes the opening of the vagina, the labia majora (outer lips), the labia minora (inner lips) and the clitoris. Vulvar cancer most often affects the inner edges of the labia minor or labia majora. The disease tends to develop slowly over several years, and may start as precancerous changes that can be treated before they become cancer. Learn more about vulvar cancer.

vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is the medical term used to describe the precancerous changes that occur in the surface layer of vulvar skin before squamous cell cancer develops. VIN can last for several years before the cells become cancer. In most cases, women with VIN will not develop cancer, but there is no way to know if it will or not, so medical care is important. The two types include usual-type VIN and differentiated-type VIN.

vulvectomy

Vulvectomy is the surgical removal of some or all of the vulva, and can be used to treat vulvar cancer. Following this procedure, a plastic surgeon may perform reconstructive surgery.

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer that almost always develops in children and is rare among adults. Learn more about kidney cancer.

yolk sac carcinoma

Yolk sac carcinoma or germ cell, teratomas or embryonal carcinomas are a rare malignant tumor that line the yolk sac of the embryo. These cells normally become ovaries or testes. But the tumor can also occur in areas, such as the brain or chest. This is often found in children before the age of 2.